Pests of grapes are a serious problem for gardeners. They damage all parts of the bushes. With a severe defeat, insects weaken the plant, because of this, various infections develop, leading to the death of the culture. To preserve the crop, you need to know which parasites pose the greatest threat, how to prevent their appearance or how to exterminate.
Phylloxera
With large-scale distribution, they create quarantine zones, they can destroy hectares of land. It has a second name - grape aphid, because resembles this insect.
All biological forms of phylloxera are a threat to culture: larvae (strollers), nymphs, winged and flightless adults.
It is problematic to detect grape aphids on a tree with the naked eye.
A translucent yellow-lemon or greenish insect has a size of 1-2.5 mm.
There are 2 varieties:
- Leaf - larvae pierce with a proboscis plate, suck out the juice. Due to the special secret in the saliva of parasites, the greens are deformed, galls (swelling and tubercles) appear on it, surrounded by hairs. Vagabonds live inside these formations, turn into adults, leave offspring and die. New larvae infect neighboring leaves. This type of phylloxera waits for the winter on boles and in perennial sleeves in the egg stage.
- Root - affects the underground system. It weakens, fungal, viral and bacterial infections occur on it. Sick roots stop in development, the tree dies over time.
Insects are hard to exterminate, but still possible. The fight against them includes:
- In-depth fit, cut upper roots.
- Processing before landing: Bi-58, Karbofos, Fufanon. Seedlings are placed in a solution of drugs, then 24 hours are kept in plastic bags.
- Processing Fastak, Actellik (2 times during the growing season). The first manipulation is carried out with the opening of the kidneys in the stage of 2-3 leaves. In July, the procedure is repeated.
Processing is carried out according to the scheme described in the annotation to the drug.
The pest enters with wind, water, on animals and birds, through garden tools, with infected seedlings.
Ticks
There are several types of ticks affecting the fruit tree, their description:
- Spider grape - an arthropod insect of a yellowish-grassy color, 0.4-0.6 mm in size. Actively develops at temperatures above + 15 °, which does not fall for several days. A week later, begins to destroy the greens. It is almost impossible to notice spider mites. The defeat of the bushes is determined by a whitish-canary coating and bright spots on the greenery. The plates dry, the plant dies.
- Felt - 0.2 mm. Hollow spots, covered with snow-white fluff, form on the greenery. They become brown, bumpy. This leads to a lag in the development of clusters, greenery, shoots, antennae. Soon the grapes die. The zoot enters through seedlings and adjacent bushes.
- Grape leaf - not more than 0.15 mm. In the winter season, it feeds on the kidneys, which leads to damage. Weakened and twisted shoots appear from them, which are often mistaken for the effects of frost. Due to damage, the leaves become wrinkled and deformed, it seems that they are cut by a blade.
What can be treated, the most effective ways:
- Before swelling of the kidneys, treat with 5% lime-sulfur solution strictly according to the annotation.
- If symptoms are found, spray the foliage of Bi-58, Actellik, Neoron, Omayt. Processing is repeated twice or thrice with an interval of 1.5-2 weeks.
- The whole growing season, spray trees with a 2% solution of Fozalon and Karate.
For prevention, weed out, burn plant debris in the fall and diseased planting material.
Leaflet
Grapes are affected by 3 varieties of this pest:
Grape leaflet - a medium-sized moth with a wingspan of 2-3 cm, a dark brown tone with a copper tint, 2 beveled, almost black stripes. Caterpillars change color from green to brown. They begin to live during the period of kidney swelling, first eat them, then move on to the rest. The natural enemy is intense heat.
Two-year leaflet - 12-15 mm long. The wings are light lemon with a dark brown trapezoid strip. The caterpillars have a black head, the body changes color from soft-grassy to scarlet. Ovaries and flowers are eaten, then they pass to the fruits. This type of leaflet can destroy up to 80% of the crop over the summer.
Grozdeva - wings of a brownish-olive tone with a colorful pattern. In a range of up to 1-1.3 cm. Caterpillars are delicately emerald, gluttonous, quickly moving. Eats all parts of the bushes. You can detect by sticky web.
Processing of grapes from these pests can be made:
- Tokutionm. Trees are cultivated 4 times during the growing season. The emulsion for spraying is diluted in a proportion of 0.6-2 l / ha. This drug is also dangerous for beneficial insects (ladybugs, wasps, etc.).
- Tsimbush. It is produced at a concentration of 10% and 25%. Standards: 0.7-0.9 l / ha (10%) and 0.26-0.4 l / ha (25%). Used 3 times per season.
- Ekomet. Working flow: 1.5-2 l / ha. For the season it is used 5 times, the last 40-45 days before the berries ripen.
Any drugs can not be used during the flowering period.
Woody odorous
This is a nocturnal butterfly from the family of woodworms. A large dark gray or brown moth has a wingspan of 6.5-9 cm. They have numerous black dots and strokes. Caterpillars wait the winter in the moves made in perennial shoots. In the spring, they penetrate deeply into the wood, damaging it. In these places the bark dies, juice with excrement of pests flows out of the holes. In May, insects pupate; years of butterflies begin in early June. The female can lay up to 800 eggs. Caterpillars are pinkish-red with a specific smell.
As a prophylaxis of insect damage, the following measures should be taken:
- treatment of damage to the cortex by garden var;
- coating of boles from a mixture of clay with casein glue (200 g per bucket), Karbofos (90 g per 10 l);
- whitewashing of boles by emulsion Protection or water-based paint before wintering;
- timely removal of damaged and dry branches, exfoliating bark.
If the pest nevertheless appeared on the trees, drugs will help to cope with it:
- Bitoxibacillin (60 g per 10 liters of water);
- Lepidocide (25 g per bucket);
- Fitoverm (20 ml per 10 l).
To help destroy insects, you can bring in the garden of natural feathered enemies.
Marble Crunch
This is a large brown beetle with elytra of marble shade, up to 7-8 cm long. Larvae burrow deep into the soil for the winter.
After warming and snow melting, they rise and eat the rhizome. They are distinguished by a white body and a black head, strongly developed jaws. Only 2 individuals are able to destroy an entire bush of year-old grapes in a season.
To reduce the population of beetles, they must be collected manually. As store-bought means of struggle, the preparations proved themselves well: Thunder-2, Bazudin, Diazinon.
Mealybug
If the grapes look dangling and a white fluff appears on it, then this is an attack by a mealybug. When they are defeated, the leaves and bunches dry, lose their presentation.
When it appears, the old bark must be cleaned and burned. When a pest has a large population, the following drugs will help: Actara, Actellik, Golden Spark, Confidor. Processing should begin at the beginning of May, when the female worms lay their eggs.
Fight the ants that are the carriers of this pest. For example, fill the anthill with boiling water.
In conclusion, I would like to add that grapes can also be affected by whiteflies, cicadas, but less frequently than the listed pests. Biological products of Aktar, Akarin, Spark help to cope with them.
With high humidity, snails or slugs may appear. Will help the mechanical collection and sprinkling with salt.
It is also worth mentioning wasps and birds, which, when the grapes bloom, are helpers, pollinators, and when the fruits appear, malicious pests. To combat wasps, traps are used so that birds do not get to the bunches and use a net.
Any pests with a large number can destroy a huge amount of the crop. Therefore, prevention, timely detection and extermination of harmful insects are very important.
